Universum Grothendieck
Universul Grothendieck în matematică este o mulțime nevidă astfel încât:

- dacă și , atunci ;



- dacă , atunci ;


- dacă , atunci ;


- if este o familie de elemente și , atunci .




Universurile Grothendieck sunt folosite în teoria categoriilor ca alternativă la clasele adecvate . Ideea universurilor îi aparține lui Alexander Grothendieck , care le-a descris și aplicat pentru prima dată în teoria topurilor la seminarul SGA [1] .
Proprietăți
Următoarele proprietăți ale universurilor Grothendieck decurg imediat din definiție:
- daca , atunci multimea unui element apartine si lui ;



- dacă și este o submulțime în , atunci ;




- dacă , atunci îi aparține și perechea ordonată ;



- dacă , atunci uniunea și produsul cartezian îi aparțin ;




- if este o familie de elemente și , atunci ;




- dacă , atunci (în special, universul Grothendieck nu este propriul său element).


Axioma despre universuri
SGA4 introduce următoarea axiomă despre universuri:
- Pentru orice set , există un univers astfel încât .



Definiții înrudite
Să fie ales un univers Grothendieck .

- Un set este numit - mic dacă ;



- O categorie se numeste - mica daca multimile obiectelor si morfismelor sale sunt -mice;



- O categorie este numită local mică dacă toate seturile sale de origine sunt -mici.


În special, categoria tuturor - semurilor mici nu este -small, ci este local -small.




Note
- ↑ Théorie des Topos et Cohomologie Étale des Schémas, Volumul 1, Théorie des Topos . Preluat la 21 aprilie 2016. Arhivat din original la 18 aprilie 2018. (nedefinit)